In this presentation well cover three arbitrages that are common in FX markets. These are:

Understanding these arbitrages is important in understanding how the FX market works.

Arbitrage will ensure that you always get a reasonable price in a liquid market.

So as the manager of a corporation, you can be sure you wont get a bad cross or forward rate.

Say we have two banks, East and West. Ignoring bid/ask spreads, East quotes USD 1.50/GBP, and West quotes USD 1.40/GBP.

Note that in this presentation we will be using the following common abbreviations:

Now consider East quotes USD 1.50/1.55 for GBP, and West quotes USD 1.56/1.58. The notation refers to the bid/ask. Is there an arbitrage opportunity?

What about if East quotes USD 1.50/1.55 for GBP, and West quotes USD 1.54/1.58? Is there an arbitrage opportunity?

Before talking about triangular arbitrage, it is helpful to define a cross rate.

A currency cross-rate is an exchange rate that does not involve the USD.

For example, EUR/CHF and GBP/AUD are cross rates. CHF/USD isnota cross-rate.

Given direct or indirect quotes (quotes involving the USD) we can calculate the cross-rate.

For example, say it is USD 1.5/GBP and USD 0.8/CHF. Then it is \frac1.50.8 = \textCHF\ 1.875/\textUSD.

To know that 1.875 is the amount of CHF for a GBP, you can manipulate the units algebraically: \frac\fracUSDGBP\fracUSDCHF = \fracUSDGBP\fracCHFUSD = \fracCHFGBP

Or simply note that it must be more than 1 CHF for a GBP, and not vice versa.

Triangular arbitrage takes advantage of mispriced cross-rates. For example, if you open your terminal and see the following quotes:

Lets check. The cross-rate implied by the USD/EUR and USD/GBP quotes is EUR 1.25/GBP. However, the quote on our terminal is EUR 1.3/GBP, so yes, there is an arbitrage.

Well replicate buying the cross rate at EUR 1.25/GBP by trading through the USD/EUR and USD/GBP. Well also sell GBP for the quoted rate of EUR 1.3/GBP. Doing so correctly will earn us EUR 0.05.

Starting in USD, we first have to decide if we buy EUR or GBP. The key is to note that at EUR 1.3/GBP we are given too many EUR for 1 GBP. So we want to sell GBP for EUR here.

This tells us we want to go from USD to GBP, then from GBP to EUR, and finally back to USD. The arbitrage gets its name from the triangular route which we are taking through currencies.

So starting with USD 1.5, we convert it into GBP 1.

We then take the GBP 1 and convert it into EUR 1.3.

Finally we cover the EUR 1.3 into EUR 1.3 * USD 1.2/EUR = USD 1.56.

We return the USD 1.5, and are left with a profit of USD 0.06. Note, USD 0.06 converts into a profit of EUR 0.05 (0.06/1.2). This matches the profit we expected from the beginning: the difference in the cross rates.

In the following app, you can put in any values for the exchange rates and see a sequence diagram of the arbitrage. You can also choose to see a triangle diagram (scroll down to see the profit).

Given spot FX rates and interest rates, covered interest arbitrage will tell us what the forward/futures rate must be.

Covered interest arbitrage exploits interest rate differentials using forward/futures contracts to mitigate FX risk.

It ensures that you get a reasonable futures price for currency if you are trading in a liquid market.

Sayboththe spot and one-year forward rate of the GBP is USD 1.5/GBP. Let the one-year interest rate in the US and UK be 2% and 5% respectively.

An arbitrage exists. Borrow USD 1.5 at 2% and convert it into GBP 1 and lend it at 4%. Also enter into a forward to sell GBP 1.04 one year forward at USD 1.5/GBP.

At the end of 1 year, you receive your GBP 1.04, convert it to USD 1.56, and repay the USD 1.53 you owe from your loan, leaving you with a USD 0.03 arbitrage profit.

The following app will calculate covered interest arbitrage profits given a set of inputs.

The solid lines are transactions made immediately. The dotted lines are transactions which were arranged immediately, but do not take place until the expiration of the forward contract.

The interest rates must match the term of the forward contract. For example, if the forward expires in 6 months, then the interest rates are 6 month (not annualized) rates.

If you dont sell the currency forward, then you are engaging in uncovered interest arbitrage, meaning you are attempting to exploit an interest rate differential without using forward/futures contracts.

Uncovered interest arbitrageis a inaccurate name, though, because the activity it describes isnotan arbitrage. The trade is uncovered, and so there is exposure sometimes significant to FX risk.

A better title and one that is often used is the Carry Trade.

Yes, large banks earn these arbitrages every day. The process is completely automated algorithms will do the trading without human intervention.

On each arbitrage however, they earn very small amounts of money. So transaction costs become very important. The lower your transaction costs, the smaller the arbitrage you can profitably take advantage of.

Because an individual could never get their transaction costs as low as a large bank, they couldnt profitably take advantage of the small arbitrages which exist.

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